The other disadvantage of the method is the need to avoid light exposure for an extensive period after the treatment. The main limitations of photodynamic methods are solid tumor hypoxia and relatively low penetration. Light is used as non-ionizing radiation in photodynamic therapy for tumors, and this method relies on the ability of certain photosensitizing dyes to absorb light and convert the energy into cytotoxic molecules, including singlet oxygen.
Moreover, ionizing radiation itself may cause DNA mutation in normal cells, causing these cells to become cancerous. Normal cells are affected by ionizing radiation, which produces undesirable side effects. However, radiation is difficult to focus therefore, it also affects normal tissues when it passes through a patient’s body. The ionizing radiation is intended to be directed only at the tumor. There are various types of radiation therapies, including electromagnetic ionizing radiation (gamma-rays and X-rays), elementary particle ionizing beam radiation (electrons, protons and neutrons), and non-ionizing radiation (photons, microwaves and radio waves). Radiation therapy is one of the standard physical methods of cancer treatment. If adequate physical treatment is applied, it should reduce not only the side effects but also the growth of drug-resistant cancer cells. If a targeted drug is used, certain types of cancer cells may survive and become dominant in the tumor, eventually making the drug ineffective.
It has been established that a typical tumor has a high degree of heterogeneity and can contain more than 100 cell types. Many cancer patients die as a result of the severe side effects of chemotherapy or from a drug-resistance-related relapse after the original treatment. The data obtained for different cell lines indicate that nanoparticle-assisted ultrasound therapy (NAUT) could be an effective new tool for cancer-specific treatment and could potentially be combined with conventional methods of cancer diagnosis and therapy to further increase the overall cancer cure rate.Ĭancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. This selective damage to cancer cells was also observed for MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells relative to MCF-10A normal breast cells after treatment with magnetic nanoparticles. There were significantly more necrotic A549 cells than BEAS-2 cells when gold nanoparticles were added to the culture medium. ResultsĬo-cultures of BEAS-2B normal lung cells and A549 cancerous lung cells labeled with green and red fluorescent proteins, respectively, were treated with focused ultrasound beams with the addition of gold and magnetic nanoparticles. A method combining ultrasound and biocompatible gold or magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) was developed under in vitro conditions using human breast and lung epithelial cells, which causes ultrasound to preferentially destroy cancerous cells. Intense ultrasound, such as that used for tumor ablation, does not differentiate between cancerous and normal cells.
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